这是一篇留学生法律专业论文代写范文节选：巴基斯坦和爱尔兰对女性性犯罪的法律Laws Sex Crimes Women In Pakistan And Ireland。在这篇文章中，爱尔兰（爱尔兰）和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国的有关妇女的性犯罪法[1]中描述并参照比较每个可用的最新评论。
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对妇女的性犯罪被禁止并且吸引各国刑事处罚;然而，在不同国家颁布的法律有相当大的变化，往往是基于长期的法律和文化传统，但有时根据相对近期的政治发展而改动。在这篇文章中，爱尔兰（爱尔兰）和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国的有关妇女的性犯罪法[1]中描述并参照比较每个可用的最新评论。该说明和法律比较前面两个国家的小品以及他们最近的政治历史和法律传统。
爱尔兰（爱尔兰）
爱尔兰是西北欧的一个岛国，在2009年人口约有4203000人（中央情报局2009年统计结果）。爱尔兰长期被视为西欧最贫穷的国家（根据2009年版大英百科全书），但开始于20世纪80年代的可观的经济结构调整，导致该国在由2005年到2009年人类发展指数方面暂时排名从177名上升到第五名（联合国开发计划署统计）。爱尔兰有强大的基督教传统，是一个世俗国家：在2006年的人口普查中爱尔兰公民的87.4％表明自己是罗马天主教（中央情报局2009年统计）。
Sexual crimes against women are prohibited and attract criminal penalties in all countries;however,there is considerable variation in the laws promulgated by different nations,often based on longstanding legal and cultural traditions,but sometimes on relatively recent political developments.In this article,laws relating to sex crimes against women in Ireland(Eire)and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan[1]are described and compared with reference to the most recent available commentaries on each.The descriptions and comparisons of laws are preceded by short sketches of the two countries,their recent political histories and legal traditions.
Ireland(Eire)
Ireland is an island nation in north-western Europe with an estimated population of 4,203,000 in 2009(Central Intelligence Agency 2009a).Ireland was long regarded as the poorest nation in western Europe(Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009),but considerable economic restructuring beginning in the 1980s resulted in the country being ranked 5th out of 177 on the Human Development Index by 2005(United Nations Development Programme 2009).Ireland is a secular nation with a strong Christian tradition:87.4%of Irish citizens described themselves as Roman Catholic in the 2006 census(Central Intelligence Agency 2009a).
The next sections contain brief descriptions of Ireland’s recent political history and the history of its legal system as background to a summation of its current laws relating to rape and sexual assault against women.
Political history
Until recently,Irish history was very heavily dominated by Ireland's legacy of English invasion and oppression,which began in the 12th century and developed into political absorption in the early 19th century(Central Intelligence Agency 2009a).In 1801,the Irish Parliament was abolished and Ireland became an integral part of a new United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Act of Union.Irish dissatisfaction with this state of affairs never eased,and instead grew and turned into unrest.In the early 20th century,several years of guerrilla warfare ended in independence from the UK for 26 southern counties(the Irish Free State)in 1922.The remaining six counties(Northern Ireland)chose to remain part of the United Kingdom,setting the scene for hostilities between the Irish Republican Army and the UK,and between Northern Ireland's Catholics and Protestants,which lasted until the Good Friday Agreement in 1998(Northern Ireland Office 2009).In 1949,Ireland withdrew from the British Commonwealth;it joined the European Community in 1973(Central Intelligence Agency 2009a).
Legal tradition
Thank to its history of domination by England and Great Britain,Ireland's legal tradition is that of English Law and common law:statutory law derives from Acts of Parliament,regulatory law is developed by executive authorities based on statutes,and common law relies upon precedents in decisions made by courts.
As Ireland is a Member State of the EU,Irish citizens are also subject to European Law as set out in treaties which must be agreed and ratified by the Member States.The Irish Constitution requires that the people of Ireland must agree in a referendum to incorporate a new EU treaty into the law in Ireland(Citizens Information Board 2008,European Laws).Membership of the EU has had some effect on laws relating to sexual crime-for instance,the ruling of the European Court in Norris v.Ireland forced the decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1993(the Criminal Law(Sexual Offences)Act 1993-Office of the Attorney General of Ireland 2009).
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