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下面DueEssay小编为大家整理一篇优秀的Essay代写范文-Improvement in Education Is Needed for Nigeria’s Development，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了尼日利亚的教育问题。目前，尼日利亚面临的许多挑战中，促进其国家发展最重要的是改进教育制度，因为教育是决定未来一代如何生活的根本因素。而尼日利亚的教育问题根源在于其入学率非常低，广泛的贫困、政治不稳定、庞大的童工市场、文化原因以及严重的性别歧视等原因是导致其问题的关键。
Introduction介绍
1960年独立后，尼日利亚一直在政治动荡和经济问题中挣扎。尼日利亚政府必须面对许多历史和新问题，例如石油经济的改革、处理种族和宗教紧张局势以及发展民主（CIA）。然而，从人民的角度来看，在尼日利亚目前面临的诸多挑战中，促进国家发展最重要的是完善教育体系，因为教育是年轻人/未来一代人的根本决定因素。总的来说，当一个国家年纪较大时，就会在社会中发挥作用，因此，这是一个国家能够为其未来做出的最直接的投资，在社会的所有领域都会产生严重的后果。
After it independence in 1960,Nigeria has been struggling in political turbulence and economic problems.There are many historical and new issues that the Nigerian government has to face,such as the reforming of the petroleum-based economy,dealing with the ethnic and religious tensions,and developing democracy(CIA).However,from the people’s perspective,among the many challenges Nigeria is currently facing,the most important to furthering its national development is to improve the education system,since education is the fundamental determinant of how the young/future generation.In general,will perform in society when they are older,and therefore is the most direct investment that a country can make for its future,with serious consequences in all realms of society.
Low School Enrollment in Nigeria
The most fundamental issue facing the Nigerian education system is the low enrollment rate of children in primary schools.In Nigeria,40%of children aged six to eleven do not attend primary school,and this proportion can be considerably higher in the impoverished inland north.30%of students have not completed their primary school education,and only 54%of them successfully matriculate into the country’s middle schools(Unicef).This low rate of education among the youth dramatically reduces the job options for the younger generation,resulting in low utilization rate of human capital and limiting the overall development of Nigeria.
A major concern is the gender gap.Compared to the boys,Nigerian girls are less likely to attend school.The causes are complex but roughly include four aspects:cultural barriers,family financial difficulties,child labor market,and early marriage.Cultural and religious norms have limited the role of women in Nigeria.Most parents of girls are more willing to only send their children to Qur’anic schools(Unicef).Even for those who managed to enroll in secular schools,30%of them might drop out.Early marriage is another issue that keeps the girls from being educated,and poverty is another reason.The cost of education is a heavy burden for some poor families because they cannot afford the tuition,books,materials,transportation,and other costs of educating their child,and the state provides very limited assistance.The cost of indirect education for girls is also seen as higher than boys,and this is also linked to the issue of child labor.In Nigeria,child labor is a necessary income stream for poor households(Unicef).Girls working as child laborers not only save on the cost of direct education,they could also help with housework,take care of siblings,and also provide cheap,productive labor and make additional income for the family.Early marriage is also more of a problem for girls than boys.Once the girls get married,they inevitably have children,and the chance for them to continue their education drops to a much lower level than before.
The low education level of the country’s women deeply affects Nigeria’s national prosperity.As these women become poorly educated laborers for life,they can only pursue entry-level jobs.What is worse,the fertility rate remains high in poor households,continuing the low-income developmental trap(Sachs,2005).Having six or seven children leaves the women no choice but to play the role of homemaker and exclusively focus on parenting,plus her lack of education makes her less competitive in the job market.Education will bring many social achievements and economic benefits,but the lack of female education in Nigeria deprived them of the opportunity to participate in the future economic development of the country.This situation forms a negative cycle for the women of Nigeria and it is leaving half the population with an inability to contribute to the development of the country or of themselves.
Balancing Increased Enrollment With Quality Improvements
Not only should we be concerned about whether the children,and how many of them,are attending school in Nigeria,but we should also pay attention to the quality of education in the country,which,also sorely needs to be improved.The government has launched policies to improve the education quality of Nigeria,such as the Universal Basic Education Scheme in 1999,and has emphasized the improvement of teaching quality,assessment,and teacher training as the priorities(Majo,2000).However,as current statistics show,improvements have been quite limited.The general direction of development seems to be correct(Sen,1988),but the biggest challenge facing education is still financial support and funding.
First of all,the number of schools in Nigeria,as well as the number of facilities and employees/teachers of these institutions,is not proportionally equivalent to the number of school age children.This makes it hard to improve the quality and efficiency of the education system.Statistics show that,on average,600 of primary school students in Nigeria have to share a single toilet.Most schools in rural areas also lack water,electricity,and other basic resources.As for the number of schools,there were about 54,000 public primary schools in 2009(Abuja).From a numeric perspective,this seems sufficient,but disparities in quality are extreme and highly unsatisfactory.Another problem is that the entire northern part of the country is experiencing a low-level civil war as the Boko Haram conducts its insurgency.This does not help to secure the budget to improve the education system.A lack of qualified teachers is another issue.
The education system could be largely improved by securing an amount of funding that is decent enough to support the educational institutions.While many governments have policies for free and compulsory education,however,most developing countries are unable to maintain comprehensive free education,such as Nigeria.And non-free education will cause the problem of poor households being unable to afford the children education.As a recession economy,it is difficult for Nigeria to guarantee free education for the people.Moreover,experience around the world show that free education is only a slogan unless parents,people,or governments have economic capacity.Nigeria could therefore consider the establishment of a program that directly or indirectly raises funds for its national education system(Adeyemi,2011).However,in the implementation of the program,it is necessary to pay attention to corruption.The gap between rich and poor in many poor countries is relatively large,and given the lack of government regulation,corruption continues to breed.It is important to pay attention to the future of the country through the education program.
Child Labor Market’s Effect on Education System
Another factor that decreases the number of children attending schools is that the Nigerian labor market soaks up a large number of school age children(of both genders)to work as they are not supposed to.In Nigeria,there are approximately 15 million children under 14 years old who have become laborers,doing unwanted jobs that could potentially harm their physical and mental health.Although Nigeria passed a Child’s Rights Law in 2003,not all 36 states had accepted it.The process of taking the law in each state is still ongoing;meanwhile,child labor is still very common in the north(Kure,2013).
This situation is difficult to be change,or at least to be seriously improved,and poverty is the most obvious reason for the short-term because the child laborers’incomes have become necessary for their families.Without that portion of money,the chance of the children to get future education would be even lower because of poverty.Lack of education is also a primary cause of child labor in Nigeria.“Where between 60%–70%of child labor is prevalent,do not posses adequate school facilities.Even when schools are sometimes available,they are too far away,difficult to reach,unaffordable,or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.”(Nwazuoke&Igwe,2016).Other reasons for non-attendance include such reasons as broken homes,and parental absence should also be taken into consideration.
The consequences could be easily foretold.If the children continue to become laborers instead of learning knowledge in school,this poverty trap will be inescapable for the entire nation,since the future generation is not receiving enough education which can improve their society and lives in the future.In addition,child labor would also increase the risk of injuries,disabilities,and even death of workers.Also,due to lack of management,education,and boundaries,some children might become sex workers,street criminals or join political movements to reform society,which may also have additional effects in destabilizing the country.The increasing political participation might lead to violence(Huntington,1971).All of the above pose risks to the future development of the entire country.
Conclusion
Nigeria has a strong capacity for potential development,with its massive resources and large population,but a number of extensive and long-term problems have thwarted its development and becoming a major power and strong civil society.Nigeria’s extensive poverty,political instability,large child labor markets,cultural reasons and high levels of sexism and gender inequality and other reasons have kept enrollment rates very low and are harming the future development prospects of the nation.Increasing this enrollment rate,and improving the quality of education that the students receive,is vital to securing Nigeria’s future and to securing the welfare of its citizens.Attempts have been made to focus on these issues and they are widely recognized,but little progress has been made in recent years.It will be necessary to secure a stable political and security environment as a basis for this,after which revenue streams will need to be developed that can eliminate the child labor market,increase student enrollment,and begin to channel funds towards improving school quality while cleaning up corruption and rolling back some of the sexism that has been harming the future of women and of the country as a whole.
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